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\semtitle{Description Logics}
\semsubject{Introductory Lecture}
\semauthor{Enrico Franconi}
\sememail{franconi@cs.man.ac.uk}
\semwebpage{http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/\~{}franconi}
\seminstitution{Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester}

\begin{document}

\makesemtitle

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\begin{slide}{Administrativia}
  
\begin{itemize}
\item Class home page: \\{\small\tt 
http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/$\sim$franconi/dl/course/2002/}

\begin{itemize}
    \item All relevant information about the course.
    \item Slides, lecture by lecture.
    \item Downloadable reference articles.
\end{itemize}


\item Suggested book on logic:
\begin{itemize}
    \item ``The Essence of Logic", by John Kelly.  Prentice Hall, 1997. 
\end{itemize}

\item Various scientific articles on the topic will be referenced
  during the course.

\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Systems $\Longleftrightarrow$ Agents}

\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig02.01.ps}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{An agent}

Consider, e.g., the task of designing an automated vehicle:

  \begin{description}
\item[Percepts:] video, accelerometers, gauges, engine sensors,
keyboard, GPS, $\ldots$

\item[Actions:] steer, accelerate, brake, horn, speak/display, $\ldots$

\item[Goals:] safety, reach destination, maximize profits, obey laws,
passenger comfort, $\ldots$

\item[Environment:] US urban streets, freeways, traffic, pedestrians,
weather, customers, $\ldots$

\end{description}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Rational Agents}

\begin{center}
    An Agent as Reasoning module of a {\color{blue}Rational Agent}.
\end{center}

\vspace{2em}

\includegraphics[width=.8\hsize]{fig06.11.ps}


\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\overlays{2}{
\begin{slide}{Intelligent Agents}

\begin{itemize}
\item An \textit{Intelligent Agent} is an entity that perceives and acts 
according to an {\em internal declarative body of knowledge}.

\item Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories and 
internal  declarative knowledge to actions:
$$f: {\cal P}^*\times {\cal K} \rightarrow {\cal A}$$
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the
agent (or class of agents) with the best performance

% \item Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable\\
% $\rightarrow$ design best \textit{program} for given machine resources

\fromSlide{2}{
\item An Intelligent Agent as {\em Representation and Reasoning}
module: a {\bf logic}.

\item {\em Logic\/}: a well formalized part of agent \textit{knowledge}
and \textit{reasoning}.}

\end{itemize}

\end{slide}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Non-Intelligent Agents: Reflex Agents}

\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig02.07.ps}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\overlays{2}{
\begin{slide}{Intelligent Information Agents}

\includegraphics[width=.8\hsize]{fig06.11.ps}

\vspace{2em}

\fromSlide{2}{
\begin{center}

     The goal of an {\em Intelligent Information Agent} 
    is to manage, process, and access Information -- e.g., a database 
    system.
        
\end{center}}

\end{slide}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\overlays{11}{%
\begin{slide}{The Architecture of an Intelligent Information Agent}

\begin{center}
{\footnotesize
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\end{slide}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\overlays{2}{
\begin{slide}{Reasoning at the Conceptual Level}

  \vspace{2em}
  
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  \vspace{2em}
  
\fromSlide{2}{{\em implies}

$\mbox{ItalianProf}\Longrightarrow\mbox{LatinLover}$}

\end{slide}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Processing Knowledge  = ``Reasoning''}

  Representation alone is not useful.

We want to be able to access represented knowledge and to
\textit{process} it.


\begin{itemize}
\item access alone is, in general, insufficient
\item {\em implicit\/} knowledge has to be made explicit
\item[$\leadsto$] {\em deduction methods}
\begin{itemize}
\item the results should only depend on the semantics \ldots
\item and not on accidental syntactic differences in representations
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Logic}

\begin{center}

\includegraphics[width=\hsize]{fig06.05.ps}

\end{center}

A logic allows the axiomatization of the domain information, and the drawing
of conclusions from that information.

\begin{itemize}
\item Syntax
\item Semantics
\item Logical inference = {\em reasoning}
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Important Questions}
  
\begin{itemize}
\item   {\bf Expressive Power} of representation language
\item[$\leadsto$] 
        able to {\em represent\/} the problem
\item   {\bf Correctness} of entailment procedure
\item[$\leadsto$] 
        {\em no false\/} conclusions are drawn
\item {\bf Completeness} of entailment procedure
\item[$\leadsto$] 
        {\em all correct\/}  conclusions are drawn      
\item {\bf Decidability} of entailment problem
\item[$\leadsto$] there exists a (terminating) algorithm
        to compute entailment
\item {\bf Complexity} 
\item[$\leadsto$] resources needed for computing the solution
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{What is a Logic}

Clearly distinguish the definitions of:

\begin{itemize}
\item the {\em formal language}
\begin{itemize}
\item Syntax
\item Semantics
\item Expressive Power
\end{itemize}
\item the {\em reasoning problem} (e.g., entailment)
\begin{itemize}
\item Decidability
\item Computational Complexity
\end{itemize}
\item the {\em problem solving procedure}
\begin{itemize}
\item Soundness and Completeness
\item (Asymptotic) Complexity
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{The ideal Logic}

\begin{itemize}
\item Expressive
\item With decidable reasoning problems
\item With sound and complete reasoning procedures
\item With efficient reasoning procedures -- possibly sub-optimal
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Goals of research in the field}

\begin{itemize}
\item Study how {\bf declarative knowledge} can be {\em formally
    defined} using a logic-based approach.
\item Give a {\em computational} account to it, in order to reproduce it in
  a computing device.
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\begin{slide}{Main topics of the course}

\begin{itemize}
\item review of Classical Logic
% \begin{itemize}
%     \item Propositional Logic
%     \item Classical Logic
% \end{itemize}

\item  Structural Description Logics
% \begin{itemize}
% \item The need for a Logic in knowledge representation
% \item Examples from Object-Oriented languages
% \item The simplest Structural Description Logic: FL-
% \end{itemize}

\item Propositional Description Logics
% \begin{itemize}
% \item Adding Expressivity to Description Logics
% \item Instances and Knowledge Bases
% \item Reasoning with Knowledge Bases
% \end{itemize}

% \item Building Knowledge Bases
% \begin{itemize}
% \item Understanding Knowledge Bases
% \item Using Knowledge Bases
% \item Ontology Engineering
% \end{itemize}

\item  Description Logics and Logics
% \begin{itemize}
% \item Modal Logics
% \item Temporal Logics
% \item FOL Fragments
% \end{itemize}

\item Description Logics and Databases
% \begin{itemize}
% \item Conceptual Data Models
% \item Query Management
% \item Information Integration
% \end{itemize}

\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\overlays{2}{
\begin{slide}{Conclusions}

\begin{itemize}
    \item {\color{red}A warning}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Rigorous and formal course
    \end{itemize}
    \fromSlide{2}
    {\color{black}\item {\color{green} Two promises}
    \begin{itemize}
        \item Many examples
        \item Only few main important topics
    \end{itemize}}
\end{itemize}

\end{slide}}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\end{document}
